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PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION |
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1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
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Overview
Water Quality Parameters
1.2.1 Disinfection
1.2.2 Bacterial Growth
1.2.3 Disinfection By-Products
1.2.4 Reaction Kinetics
Terminology
The Modeling Process
1.4.1 Model Complexity
1.4.2 Model Development
Book Organization
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| CHAPTER 2. DRINKING
WATER REGULATIONS |
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
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Introduction
2.1.1 Safe Drinking Water Act and Its Amendments
2.1.2 California Safe Drinking Water Act
Summary of Existing Regulations
2.2.1 EPA Review of Regulations
Current Regulations
2.3.1 Inorganic Comtaminants
2.3.2 Arsenic
2.3.3 Total Trihalomethanes
2.3.4 Volatile Organic Chemicals
2.3.5 Synthetic Organic Chemicals
2.3.6 Total Coliform Rule
2.3.7 Significant Rise in Bacterial Count
2.3.8 California Groundwater Disinfection/Monitoring Policy
2.3.9 Surface Water Treatment Rule
2.3.10 Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
2.3.11 Filter Backwash Rule
2.3.12 Radionuclides
2.3.13 Recent Regulation for Radionuclides
2.3.14 Lead and Copper Rule
2.3.15 Acrylamide/Epichlorohydrin
2.3.16 Secondary MCLs
2.3.17 Special Monitoring for Corrosivity and Sodium
2.3.18 Monitoring for Unregulated Contaminants
Pending Regulations
2.4.1 Radon
2.4.2 Groundwater Treatment Rule
2.4.3 Stage 2 DBP Rule and Long-Term 2 ESWTR
2.4.4 Anticipated Compliance Schedule
2.4.5 Sulfate
Additional California Issues
2.5.1 Public Health Goals
2.5.2 MTBE
2.5.3 NDMA
2.5.4 Hexavalent Chromium
2.5.5 Perchlorate
2.5.6 Dibromochloropropane
2.5.7 Notification Levels
2.5.8 Consumer Confidence Reports
Additional Issues Under the 1996 Amendments
2.6.1 Source Water Protection
2.6.2 Effective Date of Regulations
2.6.3 Contaminant Candidate List
Cost of Safe Drinking Water
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| CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULICS
BACKGROUND |
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
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Properties of Water
Conservation Laws
3.2.1 Conservation of Mass
3.2.2 Conservation of General Properties
3.2.3 Conservation of Energy
3.2.4 Conservation of Constituent Mass
Flow Energy Relationships
3.3.1 Pipes
3.3.2 Valves and Other Minor Appurtenances
3.3.3 Pumps
Pipe Network Hydraulics
3.4.1 Steady State Hydraulic Analysis
3.4.2 Example System
3.4.3 Interpretation of Results
3.4.4 Extended Period Simulation
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| CHAPTER 4. FUNDAMENTALS
OF WATER QUALITY |
4.1.
4.2
4.3
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Conservation of a Constituent
Mass
Transport and Mixing in the Pipe Network
4.2.1 Mixing at Junctions
4.2.2 Advective Transport in Pipes
4.2.3 Other Transport Mechanisms
Reaction Kinetics
4.3.1 Reaction Relationships
4.3.2 Estimating Reaction Order and Coefficients
4.3.3 Water Age and Source Tracing
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| CHAPTER 5. STEADY
STATE WATER QUALITY SIMULATION |
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5.1
5.2
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Background
General Network Steady State Algorithm
5.2.1 Sorting Algorithm
5.2.2 General Constituent Analysis
5.2.3 Source Contribution Analsyis
5.2.4 Conservative Constituent Analysis
5.2.5 Average Water Age (Zero Order Growth Reaction)
5.2.6 Non-Conservative Constituents (First Order)
5.2.7 Non-Conservative Constituents (Second Order)
5.2.8 Steady State Simulation Using a Dynamic Model
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| CHAPTER 6. DYNAMIC
WATER QUALITY SIMULATION |
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
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Background
6.1.1 Water Quality Modeling Approaches
6.1.2 Water Quality Modeling Input Requirements
Eulerian Finite Difference Method (FDM)
Discrete Volume Method (DVM)
Time Driven Method (TDM)
Event Driven Method (EDM)
Comparison of Dynamic Water Quality Methods
Control Theory Based Simulation Methods
6.7.1 Control Theory Methodology
6.7.2 Backtracking in a Pipe
6.7.3 Mixing at a Node
6.7.4 Combining Pipe Backtracking and Nodal Mixing
Advection-Diffusion Modeling
Dynamic Modeling Applications
6.9.1 Interpretation of Results
6.9.2 Comtaminant Monitoring and Control
6.9.3 Water Quality Monitoring Sensor Placement
6.9.4 Locating and Operating Booster Injection
6.9.5 Water Quality Compliance Sampling
Water Quality Modeling Accuracy
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| CHAPTER 7. STORAGE
FACILITIES |
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7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
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Background
7.1.1 Water Quality Issues in Storage Facilities
7.1.2 Chapter Overview
Tank Hydraulics
7.2.1 Turbulent Jets
7.2.2 Thermal Stratification
7.2.3 Mixing Time
Tanks Under Simple Flow Conditions
7.3.1 Simultaneous Inflow-Outflow
7.3.2 Periodic Drain/Fill Cycles
7.3.3 Residence Time for General Inflow/Outflow
Mixing and Reactions in Storage Facilities
7.4.1 First In-First Out Plug Flow Reactor Model
7.4.2 Last In-First Out Plug Flow Reactor Model
7.4.3 Continuous Stirred Reactors
7.4.4 Two Compartment Tank Model
7.4.5 Multiple Compartment Tank Models
Hydrodynamic Models
7.5.1 Governing Equations
7.5.2 CFD Application
Physical Scale Models
Comparison of Modeling Alternatives
Field Sampling Studies
System Operation Impacts on Water Quality
7.9.1 Effect of Emergency Storage Volume
7.9.2 Variation of Tank Operating Range
7.9.3 Altering the Tank Mixing Condition
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REFERENCES
APPENDIX A. NOMENCLATURE
APPENDIX B. UNIT CONVERSIONS
INDEX
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