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PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION |
1.1
1.2
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1.3
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1.4
1.5 |
History of Network
Modeling
The Basics
1.2.1 Terminology
1.2.2 Properties of Water
Modeling Philosophy
1.3.1 Model Development
1.3.2 Model Selection
1.3.3 Problems of Modeling
Modeling Challenges and Aids
Book Organization |
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| CHAPTER
2. HYDRAULIC PRINCIPLES |
2.1
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Property Conservation
2.1.1 Fluid Properties
2.1.2 Property Balances |
CHAPTER 3. NETWORK COMPONENTS |
3.1
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3.2
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3.3 3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
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3.8 |
Flow in Pipes
3.1.1 Flow Regime
3.1.2 Boundary Layer
3.1.3 Friction Factors
Computing Friction Losses in Pipes
3.2.1 Darcy-Weisbach Equation
3.2.2 Hazen-Williams Equation
3.2.3 Manning's Equation
3.2.4 Pipe Aging and Roughness Parameters
Minor Losses in Pipelines
System Curves
Junction Emitters
Control Valves
Pumps
3.7.1 Numerical Approximations for the Pump Curve
3.7.2 Pump Similarity
3.7.3 Specific Speed
3.7.4 Modified Pump Curves
3.7.5 Series and Parallel Pumps
3.7.6 Net Positive Suction Head and Cavitation Index
Matching Pump and System Curves |
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| CHAPTER
4. THE NETWORK MODEL |
4.1
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4.2
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4.3
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4.4
4.5
4.6
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Overview
4.1.1 Introduction: Why Complex Networks?
4.1.2 Design Requirements
Network Model Representation
4.2.1 Network Model Data Requirements
Network Layout and System Hydraulics
4.3.1 Topological Characteristics of the Network
4.3.2 Spanning Tree Generating Algorithm
Network Skeletonization
4.4.1 Interfacing with CAD and GIS
Storage Facilities
External Demand
4.6.1 Demand Variability |
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| CHAPTER
5. NETWORK HYDRAULICS |
5.1
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5.2
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5.3
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5.4
5.5
5.6 |
Simple Piping Systems
5.1.1 Pipes In Series
5.1.2 Pipes In Parallel
System of Equations for Steady Flow
5.2.1 Conservation of Mass
5.2.2 Conservation of Energy
5.2.3 Systems of Equations
Solution Algorithms for Steady Flow
5.3.1 Solution of the Loop Equations
5.3.2 Solution of the Node-Loop Equations (Flow Adjustment Algorithm)
5.3.3 Solution of the Node Equations (Simultaneous Node Adjustment
Algorithm)
5.3.4 Solution of the Pipe Equations
Fire Flow Analysis
Unsteady Flow Conditions
5.5.1 Extended Period Simulation
5.5.2 Dynamic Simulation
5.5.3 Water Hammer Simulation
Pressure-Driven Analysis |
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| CHAPTER
6. WATER QUALITY SIMULATION |
6.1
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6.2
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6.3
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6.4
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6.5 |
Water Quality Background
6.1.1 Transport Mechanisms
6.1.2 Reaction Kinetics
6.1.3 Reaction Coefficients
6.1.4 Water Age and Source Tracing
Mixing And Reactions in Storage Facilities
6.2.1 Continuous Stirred Reactors
6.2.2 First In First Out (FIFO) Plug Flow
6.2.3 Last In First Out (LIFO) Plug Flow Model
6.2.4 Two Compartment Tank Model
6.2.5 Multiple Compartment Tank Models
6.2.6 Hydrodynamic Models
Transport and Mixing in the Pipe Network
6.3.1 Advective Transport in Pipes
6.3.2 Mixing at Junctions
6.3.3 System of Equations
6.3.4 Solution Methods
Steady State Water Quality Modeling
6.4.1 Background
6.4.2 General Network Steady State Algorithm
Dynamic Water Quality Modeling
6.5.1 Eulerian Finite Difference Method (FDM)
6.5.2 Discrete Volume Method (DVM)
6.5.3 Time-Driven Method (TDM)
6.5.4 Event-Driven Method (EDM)
6.5.5 Comparison of Dynamic Water Quality Methods
6.5.6 Control Theory Based Simulation Methods |
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| CHAPTER
7. MASTER PLANNING |
7.1
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7.2
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7.3
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7.4 |
Why Prepare a Master
Plan?
7.1.1 Growth
7.1.2 Safety
7.1.3 System Performance and Efficiency
7.1.4 Legal/Regulatory Requirements
7.1.5 Implementation
7.1.6 Conclusion
Getting Started - Scope and Data Requirements
7.2.1 Scope Definition
7.2.2 Data Requirements
7.2.2.1 GIS Data
Creating a Hydraulic Model
7.3.1 Infrastructure
7.3.2 Demands
7.3.3 Model Calibration
7.3.4 Extended Period Simulation
Developing a Master Plan
7.4.1 Planning and Design Criteria
7.4.2 Existing Distribution System Analysis
7.4.3 Water Demand Projection
7.4.4 Water Supply Evaluation
7.4.5 Distribution System Analysis and CIP Development
A7 State of California Urban Water Management Plan |
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| CHAPTER
8. OPTIMIZATION APPLICATIONS TO WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS |
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8.1
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8.2
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Optimization Methods
8.1.1 Linear Programming
8.1.2 Dynamic Programming
8.1.3 Nonlinear Programming
8.1.4 Stochastic Search Techniques
Applications
8.2.1 Design, Rehabilitation and Expansion
8.2.2 Pump Scheduling
8.2.3 Satellite Booster Station Operations/Location
8.2.4 Valve Operation for Leakage Reduction
8.2.5 Hydraulic Calibration
8.2.6 Data Collection and Sampling |
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| CHAPTER
9. HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS |
9.1
9.2
9.3
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9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
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9.9 |
Introduction
Causes of Transients
Basic Pressure Wave Relations
9.3.1 Wave Action in Pipes
9.3.2 Wave Action in Pipe Junctions
Hydraulic Characteristics of Valves
Hydraulic Characteristics of Pumps
Governing Equations
Numerical Solution Methods
Pressure Surge Control Devices
9.8.1 Devices and systems
9.8.2 Choice of Surge Protection Strategy
9.8.3 Overview of Transient Flowchart
Demonstration Examples
A9.1 Derivation of Joukowsky Relation
A9.2 Overview of the Eulerian Method of Characteristics
A9.2.1 Characteristic Equations
A9.2.2 Integrating the Characteristic Equations
A9.2.3 Boundary Conditions
A9.2.4 Discretization - Choosing the Time Step
A9.3 Overview of the Lagrangian Solution Scheme
A9.4 Illustrative Pipeline Problem
A9.4.1 Exact Solutions
A9.4.2 Eulerian MOC Solutions
A9.4.3 Lagrangian Solutions |
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| CHAPTER
10. MAINTAINING HYDRAULIC INTEGRITY |
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
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What is Hydraulic Integrity
Factors Causing Loss of Hydraulic Integrity
10.2.1 Pipe Failures
10.2.2 Pressure Variations
10.2.3 Emergency Conditions and Planned Maintenance
10.2.4 System Aging
10.2.5 Operational Practices
Costs To Maintain Hydraulic Integrity
Consequences of Loss of Hydraulic Integrity
10.4.1 Contamination
10.4.2 Sedimentation
10.4.3 Reduction in Carrying Capacity
10.4.4 Increase in Pumping Costs
10.4.5 Poor Water Quality
10.4.6 Increased Water Age
Detecting Loss of Hydraulic Integrity
10.5.1 System Wide Monitoring
10.5.2 Network Modeling
Maintaining Hydraulic Integrity
10.6.1 Hydraulic Network Modeling
10.6.2 System Redundancy
10.6.3 Management of Pressure Zones
10.6.4 Surge Protection
10.6.5 Protecting Water Mains and Fittings
10.6.6 Flushing Water Mains
10.6.7 Preventing Cross-Connections and Backflow
10.6.8 Maintaining Water Quality in Storage Facilities
Recovering Hydraulic Integrity
10.7.1 Continuous Blow-Off
10.7.2 Conventional Flushing
10.7.3 Unidirectional Flushing
10.7.4 Air Scouring, Swabbing, and Abrasive Pigging
10.7.5 Chemical Cleaning, Mechanical Cleaning and Lining
10.7.6 Nonstructural Lining
10.7.7 Structural Lining
10.7.8 Pipe Replacement
Monitoring and Modeling For Water Security |
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A. NOMENCLATURE
APPENDIX B. UNIT CONVERSIONS
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